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In European folklore and folk-belief of the Medieval and Early Modern periods, familiar spirits (sometimes referred to simply as "familiars" or "animal guides") were believed to be supernatural entities that would assist witches and cunning folk in their practice of magic.〔Wilby 2005, pp. 59-61.〕 According to the records of the time, they would appear in numerous guises, often as an animal, but also at times as a human or humanoid figure, and were described as "clearly defined, three-dimensional… forms, vivid with colour and animated with movement and sound" by those alleging to have come into contact with them, unlike later descriptions of ghosts with their "smoky, undefined form()".〔Wilby 2005, p. 61.〕 When they served witches, they were often thought to be malevolent, while when working for cunning-folk they were often thought of as benevolent (although there was some ambiguity in both cases). The former were often categorised as demons, while the latter were more commonly thought of and described as fairies. The main purpose of familiars is to serve the witch or young witch, providing protection for them as they come into their new powers.〔Wilby 2005, pp. 74-76.〕 Since the 20th century a number of magical practitioners, including adherents of the Neopagan religion of Wicca, have begun to utilise the concept of familiars, due to their association with older forms of magic. These contemporary practitioners utilize pets, wildlife or believe that invisible spirit versions of familiars act as magical aids. == Definitions == Pierre A. Riffard proposed this definition and quotations〔Pierre A. Riffard, ''Dictionnaire de l’ésotérisme'', Paris: Payot, 1983, p. 132; ''Nouveau dictionnaire de l’ésotérisme'', Paris: Payot, 2008, pp. 114-115.〕 The French poet Charles Baudelaire, a cat fancier, believed in familiar spirits.〔Charles Baudelaire, ''The Flowers of Evil'' (1857), “The cat”, 2.〕 A. P. Elkin studied the belief in familiar spirits among the Australian Aborigines: Mircea Eliade: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Familiar spirit」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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